Top Health Science 
What is Allergic Rhinitis?
Allergic rhinitis is a type of allergic disorder in which the nasal mucosa exhibits hypersensitivity reactions to various allergens. It can lead to conditions such as sinusitis, nasal polyps, otitis media, sleep disturbances, and asthma. In children, chronic nasal congestion and mouth breathing may result in abnormal facial bone development and dental malocclusion.
Causes of Allergic Rhinitis
The development of allergic rhinitis is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, and it can be exacerbated by stress. Common allergens include dust mites, pollen, and mold, while environmental pollutants such as air pollution and cigarette smoke can worsen symptoms.
Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis
Common symptoms include repetitive sneezing, continuous clear nasal discharge, nasal itching, and nasal congestion. Other symptoms may include itching around the eyes and nose, watery eyes, headaches, and impaired sense of smell. In some cases, nosebleeds may occur either spontaneously or due to nasal irritation.
Diagnosis of Allergic Rhinitis
Diagnosis is based on characteristic symptoms and the presence of specific immunoglobulins against allergens. Skin prick tests, which include allergens such as dust mites, cats, dogs, pollen, mold, and cockroaches, are recommended. If skin testing is not feasible, blood tests measuring allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels can also be used.
Management of Allergic Rhinitis
Environmental Control
- Maintain a dust-free bedroom by washing bedding weekly in hot water (above 131°F).
- Avoid using carpets as much as possible.
- Use a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter.
- Clean frequently and avoid staying in a room immediately after cleaning to minimize dust exposure.
- Maintain an indoor temperature between 64-70°F and humidity levels below 40-50% while ensuring proper ventilation.
Medication Therapy
Medications such as antihistamines, nasal sprays, steroids, and decongestants can help manage symptoms. Consistent and correct usage is essential for effectiveness.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy involves administering small, gradually increasing doses of allergens via subcutaneous injection or sublingual administration to reduce sensitivity to allergens and improve symptoms over time.
Surgical Treatment
Surgical intervention is not the primary treatment for allergic rhinitis but may be considered to alleviate nasal congestion when other treatments are ineffective. However, continued management and avoidance of allergens are crucial even after surgery to prevent recurrence.
Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma
The nasal mucosa affected by allergic rhinitis and the airway affected by asthma are anatomically connected and share similar structural features. Studies indicate that up to 80% of asthma patients also experience allergic rhinitis. If symptoms such as shortness of breath, paroxysmal coughing, or wheezing persist despite asthma treatment, consultation with an allergy specialist is advised.
Medication Use: When It Becomes Harmful
Nasal sprays containing vasoconstrictors can lead to drug-induced rhinitis if used for prolonged periods, worsening nasal congestion. These should not be used for more than a week continuously.
Preventing Allergic Rhinitis
- Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke.
- Wash hands frequently to prevent colds and flu.
- Keep indoor spaces clean and avoid sudden temperature changes.
- On days with high pollen counts or dust storms, limit outdoor activities and wear a protective mask.
- Follow proven and effective treatments consistently to prevent complications such as asthma, sinusitis, and otitis media.
